Andy recommends favorite resources for basic op amp circuits and includes a portion of TI's AN-20. Test your knowledge with our op amp quiz; answer explanations are included. By 1969, a fledgling ...

How does a hot swap circuit work? What’s the role of a hot swap controller? What are the basic design considerations for selecting a hot swap controller or module? Here is a short tutorial explaining ...

Courtesy of www.MikeHolt.com. Based on the 2020 NEC. Article 725 of the National Electrical Code (NEC) covers remote-control, signaling, and power-limited circuits that are not integral to a device or ...

This file type includes high-resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. When converting a higher voltage to a lower voltage, a buck (switching) converter provides much greater efficiency than ...

Higher Capabilities for Safety-Rated Control Circuits A truly reliable safety control system must work even when some parts fail. Force-guided relays are unseen components that add another level of ...

Article 409 provides the minimum safety requirements for industrial control panels (What's an Industrial Control Panel? below). Because this section of the Code is only a couple of pages long, it ...

Average current-mode control (CMC) requires that the total waveform of the current be reconstructed for the control loop. This article presents the steps required to select the transformer and how to ...