Identify the independent (manipulated) and dependent (responding) variables in a scientific investigation. Draw conclusions about the relationship between two variables using quantitative data.

This lab includes a theoretical explanation of how buffers work and how they are made, including a derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Students will use what they have learned to ...

Strong base is added to three different buffers and water and the effect on pH is observed.

A well-established technique, acid-base titration is an analytical method used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base. In practice, it involves adding a solution of known strength ...

Disodium glycerophosphate is a solvent for calcium and magnesium and perhaps other salts, and when used in proper concentration prevents much of the objectionable precipitation of phosphates on the ...